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The Submission of Iceland to Norway (1262 CE)
Content:
In the year 1262 CE, Iceland formally submitted to the Kingdom of Norway, marking a significant turning point in its history. This event, known as the Old Covenant (Gamli sáttmáli in Icelandic), ended Iceland's centuries-long independence as a self-governing commonwealth and brought it under Norwegian rule.
The Icelandic Commonwealth, established in 930 CE, was a unique political system in medieval Europe, characterized by a decentralized governance structure with no central authority or king. Instead, power was distributed among chieftains (goðar) who governed through a system of alliances and assemblies, most notably the Althing, the national parliament. However, by the 13th century, internal strife, power struggles, and economic challenges had weakened the Commonwealth.
The Norwegian king, Hákon IV Hákonarson, saw an opportunity to expand his influence. Norway had already established trade dominance in Iceland, and Hákon sought to bring the island under his direct control. He used a combination of diplomacy, pressure, and the promise of stability to persuade Icelandic leaders to submit.
In 1262, representatives from Iceland's regions agreed to the terms of the Old Covenant, which stipulated that Icelanders would pay taxes to the Norwegian crown in exchange for protection and the maintenance of their laws. This agreement effectively ended Iceland's independence and integrated it into the Norwegian realm.
The submission to Norway had profound consequences for Iceland. While it brought an end to internal conflicts, it also marked the beginning of a long period of foreign rule. Iceland remained under Norwegian control until 1380, when Norway and its territories, including Iceland, came under the Danish crown through the Kalmar Union.
This chapter explores the political, social, and economic factors that led to Iceland's submission, the negotiations and terms of the Old Covenant, and the lasting impact of this event on Icelandic identity and governance. It also examines how this moment fits into the broader context of medieval Scandinavian expansion and the consolidation of royal power in the region.
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